Japanese Comfort Women free essay sample

An examination on remote solace ladies for the Japanese troopers during World War II. (more) Japanese Comfort Women free exposition test It is evaluated that somewhere in the range of one and 200,000 female sex slaves had to convey sexual administrations to Japanese troopers, both previously and during World War II. These ladies were known as solace ladies and the Imperial Conference, which was made out of the sovereign, delegates from the military and the primary Cabinet clergymen, endorsed their utilization by Japanese warriors. Walkom) The term comfort ladies alludes to the casualties of a planned orderly arrangement began and executed by the legislature of Japan to subjugate ladies thought about sub-par and subject them to rehashed mass assaults, said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of more than 35 legal advisors in his firm speaking to the previous sexual detainees in a legal claim as of now pending against the Japanese government. (Whirlpool) Since antiquated occasions, whores in Japan decided to sell their bodies either for family, destitution, or for sparing her better half and her kids. Pretty much, their penances were viewed as positive. We will compose a custom paper test on Japanese Comfort Women or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, being compelled to become comfort lady by Japanese is viewed as negative. The distinction between the Japanese whores and solace ladies is that the solace ladies didn't decide to be caught as a sex slave and they were not paid for what they did. In 1931, when the Japanese armed force attacked Manchuria, â€Å"comfort houses† showed up. These solace houses were made to give the Japanese fighters outlets for their sexual needs. In the first place, there were just a couple of solace houses yet after the Nanjin Massacre happened in 1937, a lot more were included, essentially to each place that the Japanese were positioned. (Walkom) After the Japanese troopers butchered a great many Chinese individuals in the Nanjin Massacre, they brutally assaulted an impossible number of ladies. Subsequently, hostile to Japanese slants developed and it got more diligently to completely possess these grounds. The administration set up comfort houses to diminish turmoil and give the around 2,000,000 warriors a spot to fulfill their sexual needs. The Japanese needed more whores to flexibly the necessities of the fighters so they dispatched regular people to create comfort houses. At that point, just a little level of Japanese ladies were activated to â€Å"work† in comfort houses and they were all whores in any case. Most of the solace ladies were really Korean ladies, who were coercively taken from Korea to support the requirements of the Japanese fighters. After the war, the Japanese government decimated all proof of their contribution in Japanese solace houses, authorizing that business businesspeople were answerable for the development of ladies. Huge numbers of the solace ladies were abducted or tricked into deliberately working in comfort houses. When they were there, they were caught and constrained into prostitution. A few ladies announced that Japanese operators extended to them great employment opportunities or instruction. Others were informed that every family in the town needed to give a girl to the war exertion. Numerous others were offered food, safe house and manufacturing plant employments. The Japanese likewise captured youthful, unmarried young ladies when they had a lack of solace ladies. The periods of the young ladies in the solace houses went from 15 to 19, with the minority exemption of some more youthful young ladies and some more seasoned, wedded ladies. The young ladies were moved between army installations like freight, under overwhelming watchman in armed force trucks, prepares, boat and transport. They had to lose their virginity before showing up at the bases to set them up for having sex with several fighters consistently. Numerous ladies thought about death after this, as they accepted their virginity to be more valuable than life. (Henson) When living in the solace houses, the solace ladies lived in dread and edginess. They couldn't leave, as they were vigorously protected. Every day, they were entered by upwards of 50 fighters, until they were sore and enlarged to the point of not having the option to open their legs. On the off chance that they were tainted with an explicitly transmitted sickness, they got infusions known as Injection 606. Whenever tainted enough occasions, they lost their richness. In Japan, contaminated ladies were slaughtered. Their food was blended in with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cavern lastly, the cavern was exploded with a projectile. The solace houses brought in cash off these ladies and it is accepted that the Japanese government paid them, as the greater part of the officers paid by coupons. When the war was done, the Japanese Imperialist gatekeepers vanished without follow. Most solace ladies portray the experience along these lines, Suddenly, the warriors came no more, and after asking we found that the war had finished. In different areas, as the Japanese submitted â€Å"harikari, the ladies had to do likewise. In extraordinary cases, the ladies were placed in a cavern and exploded. After the war, a considerable lot of the solace ladies were too wiped out to be in any way moved and were taken under the consideration of the American armed force. The vast majority of the ladies were left with no spot to go, as they were in an odd nation with no cash, and were too embarrassed to even consider going home. As indicated by one solace lady, my bodys squandered, in this manner I don't set out return home in dread of being overlooked and looked downward on. Significantly after the war finished, the solace ladies were not free. Their blameworthy personalities and feelings of inadequacy shielded them from getting back and they remained in outside nations. The limited quantity that wedded, were regularly compelled to isolate afterward that they were comfort ladies was known, or they were separated in light of the fact that they couldn't have kids. The casualties are as yet enduring the torment truly and mentally. Beyond what half of them couldn't get pregnant, and the majority of them have narrative illnesses. Moreover, the mental effect on these ladies made them felt themselves grimy, embarrassed that they disrespected themselves and separated themselves from others. They are either terrified of getting hitched, or incapable to request any dedication from their sweethearts. For the individuals who got hitched, their marriage was temperamental and miserable due to their past. Some idea that they more likely than not accomplished something detestable in their past life that they must be rebuffed in this life. (Hicks) They go to rhythms to recite sutras, to admit, to seek after freedom, and they even end it all. Despite the fact that the timeframe they spent at the Japanese army installation was a little piece of their life, what they had encountered caused a serious effect on their wellbeing, marriage, brain, and social adjustment. In spite of the fact that the Japanese government keeps on denying or limit their association with comfort ladies, their barrier is disentangling. A meeting on Japanese Crimes Against Humanity: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labor was held a year ago, in which Japanese specialists conveyed papers which asserted that the Japanese military, the remainder of the administration, and Japanese industry were totally engaged with the choice to give sex captives to the countrys troopers. (Chunghee) Japanese history specialist Hirofumi Hayashi stated: The foundation and improvement of the military solace ladies framework as not just completed by the all out association of each area of the military yet in addition by authoritative apparatus at each degree of the Japanese state what's more, we ought not disregard that Japanese organizations were their accessories. (Chunghee) Researchers from the Center for Research and Documentation of Japans War Responsibilities in Yokohama demonstrated that Japanes e elastic organizations were under government agreement to flexibly 20 million condoms per year to military once the choice had been made to give sex captives to the officers. Rumiko Nishino composed that high-positioning auxiliaries dispatched by Cabinet and sub-Cabinet-level government authorities executed the appropriation of the condoms. The accessibility of condoms to everyone turned out to be nearly nil. (Chunghee) Last year, the Japanese interests court toppled a prior decision that arranges the legislature to remunerate ladies who had to fill in as sex slaves during World War II. The two sides had offered that administering. The offended parties since they thought the remuneration was excessively little, and the administration since they wouldn't pay. Duke) In ruling for the administration, the Hiroshima High Court said stealing ladies to utilize them as constrained workers and sex slaves was not a genuine established infringement. Tokyo has conceded that its wartime armed force had set up whorehouses, and constrained a large number of Koreans, Filipinos, Dutch and Chinese to fill in as whores, yet it has would not repay these casualties. Students of history state upwards of 200,000 ladies were constrained into sexual subjugation during World War II.

A Decade of Uneasy Peace essays

A Decade of Uneasy Peace expositions World War II was the most exceedingly terrible war that was battled in the twentieth Century, and maybe the most exceedingly awful war throughout the entire existence of man. The loss of lives in World War II was an amazing 50-60 million dead (Mitchner, Tuffs Global Forces of the twentieth Century 130). World War II additionally introduced the period of atomic weapons. How did this war come to fruition, and would it be able to have been forestalled? War was unavoidable in 1939 because of the disdain of the German individuals towards the Versailles Treaty, destitution coming about because of the extraordinary wretchedness, the approach of settlement, and Axis hostility during the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles was the significant settlement finishing military activities against Germany in World War I. The settlement was marked at the Palace of Versailles, close to Paris, on June 28, 1919, and became effective on January 10, 1920, after sanction by Germany and four of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan (Mitchner, Tuffs Global Forces of the twentieth Century 22). It was not confirmed by the United States, which made a different settlement of harmony with Germany in 1921 consolidating a great part of the Treaty of Versailles by reference (Mitchner, Tuffs Global Forces of the twentieth Century 42). The lesser Allied forces, aside from China, were additionally parties. Separate settlements of harmony were made with Germanys partnered, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey (Mitchner, Tuffs Global Forces of the twentieth Century 30). Rather than making harmony notwithstanding, the Treaty of Versailles caused disappointment and scorn (Elson 29). France felt that triumph was not accomplished, and chose to make progressively military collusions to close Germany. Italy felt cheated, on the grounds that the crown jewels of war vowed to her when Italy left the Triple Alliance to joined the Triple Entente in 1915 was not gotten. Germany felt the most deceived, as all the wrongs in the war was nailed to her. This dissatisfaction would in the end lead to the well known help of Hitler (Elson 31). One of the poin... <!

HT@MIT Academic Resources

HT@MIT Academic Resources Recitation The last two years at MIT has been a large exercise in learning how I learn best. What I found after Interphase was that lectures alone didnt cut it for me and that certain materials didnt sink in until after recitation and office hours. This is a compiled list of the resources that Ive been using since Interphase to make my life a little bit easier. Recitation This is usually your first line of defense when you leave lecture wondering if the classroom had changed without your knowledge. But this is also the resource youll have the most variable experiences. Some people will swear that recitations are the worst possible waste of your time while others swear by them. Ive been at both sides of the spectrum and here are a few things that Ive learned. 1. Shop around for the TA that works for you and not necessarily the most convenient time. The best TA Ive ever had (for 6.006) had his recitation at around 4-5 and he made me absolutely fall in love with the class (shoutout to Tim P.(but to be fair, every TA for this class was amazing)). 2. Try to go to recitation, its extremely easy to justify missing but it can be really useful and relevant for psets and test. Often times attendance wont be taken but the material covered is fair game for tests. Also, keep in mind that your TAs will grade your psets and tests and its much easier to fail a faceless name. Office Hours Professors and Teaching Assistants(TA) alike will hold office hours weekly to aid you with the problem sets and any questions you have that are out of the scope of lectures and recitations. Here are my tips for Office Hours. 1. Avoid the night before the pset is due office hours. Often times these OH are filled to the brim and youll find it difficult to get a question in edgewise. TAs also look to avoid these OH and they can be understaffed. 2. Find OH a few days before the pset is due and try to go every week. Its also best if the TA that is staffed is your recitation leader. This accomplishes two things, you create a routine that gives you a few silent hours to have personal help and you find a group of fellow PSETers to work with. 3. Try to go to the professors OH, its one of the few times youll get such personal instruction from the people who write the pset. Seminar XL These are mini recitations held for a variety of freshman classes that give you more exposure with the problem solving process with students who have gone through the class. For me this was invaluable for 8.02 because learning theory is wonderful but its important to have as much time DOING problems as possible. HKN Tutoring Now this resource is only for course 6 classes but it is absolutely wonderful. At the beginning of the semester you say which classes you would like tutors in and they match you with their volunteers. A bit worried my freshman spring semester I signed up for both a 6.01 and 6.042 tutors and it was absolutely wonderful. Being able to sit for an hour a week with a fellow undergrad whos gone through the class is great. Last semester I doubled up again and signed up for tutors in both 6.005 and 6.046. Sadly they didnt have enough tutors or I would have also had one for 6.033. This is one of the few resources that Ill swear by and continue to use through graduation. Math Learning Center While I never took advantage of this resource personally Ive had a few friends who will swear by its usefulness so I thought Id add it. These are essentially an extra set of office hours for your math classes with some wonderful undergrad and grad students in course 18! Life becomes a lot easier when you learn to ask for help, so better sooner than later. I didnt get into a routine I was happy with until last semester so hopefully this post helps you all get there a bit sooner.

Greece s Impact On The World - 1360 Words

A Blast From the Past The way to better the world is to go back to the past and learn the ways of those who came before and learned from their mistakes; sort of like time traveling. When going back in time and comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge are greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influenced the world and United States the most in tremendous ways. Greece gave the United States the influence to start it’s first†¦show more content†¦Athenian democracy was established as a result of continuous reorganizations with a concept in mind of individual rights for citizens. An excellent quality of the Athenian democracy was that citizens were elected annually and allowed to f urther a longer term unless an awry situation, then an abrupt change of government can be acted upon on. Direct democracy helped the citizens of Athens to develop intellectually, and broaden their minds, and cultural awareness. Aspiring to the Athenians, the United States followed in their footsteps and started a direct democracy in the 1630s to strive to achieve a balanced land. Once a mind has reached a level of imagination, people will start to think for themselves and begin to acquire a high curiosity of what is seen to the naked eye. With the Athenian democracy promoting a development of intellect, philosophers and philosophy began to emerge along with their ideas and share it to the world. In the Article, â€Å"Ancient Greek Culture and Civilization,† the author states, â€Å"The Philosophers-Socrates, Plato and Aristotle contributed to the way of thinking,human life, and science.† Ancient Greece philosophy focused on the aspect of reason and question. It had an important influence on modern philosophy as well as modern science. The three main philosophers of Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They contributed to the expansion of medieval Muslim

Essay on Abortion is Death - 1566 Words

â€Å"If we accept that a mother can kill her own child, how can we tell other people not to kill each other? Any country that accepts abortion is not teaching its people to love, rather, to use violence to get what they want† -- Mother Theresa If the people who have worked on finding a cure for cancer had been aborted, where would the world be at today? Abortion could be the cause of a lot of great people dying before their life even began. How would anyone know if the person was killed before given a chance? Abortion should be†¦show more content†¦The attempts at these few laws were then shut down by the Supreme Court in 1992. The Supreme Court said it went against the bills which stated the women get the last say in what happens to their body (Ballaro. Wagner). In 2006, South Dakota re-visited the legality of abortion. They created a law enforcing doctors to inform people, who want abortions, about their decision before performing it on them. In doing so these women realized what they were doing and found that it was wrong and in turn no longer wanted to do it. Then in 2009, North Dakota accepted the bill that says unborn children are proven to be people in the beginning of fertilization (Chittom). Abortion is the killing of a person no matter how it is looked at. There is nothing that makes it right, and it isn’t entirely safe for anyone involved in the procedure. There are many dangers of ending a pregnancy that can harm a human physically and emotionally (Wilson). Psychologically women express emotions of sadness, depression, guilt, anxiety, numbness and shame after realizing what they have done. These emotions can be known as â€Å"post-abortion syndrome† and can turn into a long-term problem (Chittom). These women feel these emotions because they finally have time to sit and think about what their life could have been if they kept the child and then they realize that the object they removed from their body was a person inside of them. Women also have acted out violently and putShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of The Abortion3267 Words   |  14 Pagesearning a minimum wage. The night before abortion, she could not sleep and she could not stop thinking about the baby inside of her. As she went to the abortion clinic, she was so nervous that she was shaking and could not fill out her paperwork properly. After the abortion procedure, days passed and she still could not think clearly. She always had nightmares about her baby that she just aborted. She began drinking heavily and fell into depression. Abortion causes not only physical complicationsRead MoreAbortion And The Death Penalty1778 Words   |  8 PagesIssues such as abortion and the death penalty are very divisive within the United States populace because they allow for the government to have a say on when life begins or should be taken away. In addition, these issues have both moral and religious disputes that add to the heated debates. In recent years, however, the usage of euthanasia to end the lives of those suffering with terminal illnesses has gotten mainstream traction. Although the usage of euthanasia remains illegal in the United StatesRead MoreAbortion, The Death Of A Loved One, And Terror980 Words   |  4 Pages Death â€Å"At that time, we were completely overwhelmed, the burden was more than we could bear, in fact we told ourselves that this was the end. Yet, we believe now that we had the experience of coming to the end of our tether that we might learn to trust, not in ourselves, but in God who can raise the dead.† (2Corinthians 1:8b-9 PH) We all know that humanity will submit to God’s plan, death. Its ripple effect varies from one person to the other based on a person’s own experience. Death mayRead MoreAbortion Matters of Life and Death Casts Dispersions on Both Pro-Abortion and Anti-Abortion Debates1980 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion A. Jonathan Glover, in his article Matters of Life and Death casts dispersions on both pro-abortion and anti-abortion debates citing them as too knee-jerk emotional reactions diminishing the inherent complexity of the other side (1. Glover, CC2006, p. 0110). Glover comprehensively addresses the key points of both sides of the abortion debate and evaluates their inherent virtues, especially for those who hold these opinions, then methodically points out its flaws. Ultimately, Glover comesRead MoreLife, Death, and the Political Issues Surrounding Abortion2674 Words   |  11 PagesLife, Death, and the Political issues surrounding Abortion Few issues have embodied such controversy as abortion has. The various people involved in the abortion debate not only have strong beliefs, but each group has a self appeal that clearly reflects what they believe to be the essential issues. The abortion supporters see individual choice as central to the debate: If a woman cannot choose to terminate an unwanted pregnancy, a condition which affects her body and possibly her entireRead MoreAbortion Is The Leading Cause Of Death For Children Under The Age Of One1079 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently considered murder. Abortion is the leading cause of death for children under the age of one. The illegalization of abortion has been a hot topic ever since the landmark 1973 Roe vs. Wade Decision. The controversial debate has divided a whole nation into two â€Å"teams†, pro-life and pro-choice. The debate can be identified raging in all arenas of life; political, private, media, work places, etc. I think the slaughter of the unborn s hould be outlawed in the US. Abortions should be illegal becauseRead MoreAbortion : Causes And Effects1738 Words   |  7 Pagesafter having an abortion. People are led to believe abortion is safe, and that it will only fix your problems rather than create more or different problems. Research may suggest otherwise, and proposes that abortion can cause severe depression, breast cancer, and even death (Brind, 1996; Notman, 1976; Reardon, 2000). Abortion related depression can be caused for many different reasons. The three most common reasons for depression are guilt, shame, and anger. Breast cancer from abortion is believe toRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?883 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is has been a hot topic, since federal law protected a woman s right to choose an abortion in the court case Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 (â€Å"How Did Abortion Become Legal?†). Roe v. Wade was a woman named Norma McCorvey who was not married but was pregnant who wanted an abortion. The Texas law denied her request to get an abortion, so she filled a federal lawsuit to have the Texas law declared unconstitutional. She argued that it was her right to decide if she wanted to get an abortionRead MoreThe Death Of A Fetus987 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Oxford dictionary, abortion is the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus by natural causes before it is able to survive independently. Abortion has perhaps been a highly p oliticized over the past several decades. The major political parties in the United States have adopted distinct positions on this issue. When the death a fetus occurs naturally, it is called a miscarriage. When the loss of a fetus is caused intentionally, it is regarded as a significant moral and societal issueRead MoreThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Many women that choose to have an abortion do not realize that it is a dangerous surgery with serious side effects. These side effects are both physical and psychological. Having an abortion is unnatural and interrupts this function of the human body. â€Å"The women’s body naturally resists the abortion, causing physical and emotional problems† (â€Å"Who does Abortion Affect?†). Almost all of the

Sociology Marriage and Divorce Free Essays

Sociology – Family Unit – Marriage and Divorce Most people argue that the family is in ‘crisis’. They point to the rapidly increasing divorce rate, cohabitation, illegitimacy and number of single parent families. What is happening to Marriage? Marriage has increased in popularity, reaching a peak in 1971. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Marriage and Divorce or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since then there has been a significant decline in the number of marriages, from 459000 in 1971 to 250000 in 2001. There is a decline in first marriages where neither partner has been married before. But there is a growing number of remarriages, in which one or both partners have been divorced; these marriages constitute 15% of all marriages in 1971 and 40% in 1996. The average age at which people first marry has steadily increased in recent decades. Since 1971 it has risen from 24 to 30 for men and from 22 to 28 for women. By 1998 there were relatively few young people who were married. Of those under the age of 24 just 3% of men and 7% of women were married. More than one third of all 18 – 49 year old women are now single. Is Marriage still the Norm? Despite all the arguments about the decline of marriage, it continues to be the case that most people in Britain grow up and form a nuclear family for part of their adult life. Most couples who get married or have stable cohabitation relationships have children. The family unit is still mainly one in which children are brought up by two ‘parents’. The majority (71%) of young people live in families headed by a couple. Just less than a quarter (24%) live in single parent households. The majority of lone-parent families (90%) are headed by women, and the major reason is separation or divorce from the male partner, although some women are single or widowed. Cohabitation is most likely to be found among those aged 25 – 34 years. Over one in five (22%) in this age group currently cohabit. The majority (59%) of those who live together subsequently go on to marry that partner. In some respects marriage is more popular because people marry more often. The percentage of remarriage has risen from 14% in 1961 to 40% in 1996. Cohabitation Living together as a couple is no longer seen as ‘living in sin’. Read also  Sociology and Social Integration. Increasingly the idea of cohabiting is being viewed as respectable. Two thirds (67%) of the British public now regard cohabitation as acceptable, even when the couple have no intention in getting married. The idea that people should get married if they have children is also fading away. In 1989, 7 in 10 people held this view. By 2001 the proportion had fallen to just over half (54%). Nor is there much support these days for the belief that married couples make better parents – only 1 in 4 (27%) think this is the case. Marriage Patterns for African-Caribbean’s and Asians Research carried out at Essex University in 2000 indicates that only 39% of British-born African-Caribbean adults under the age of 60 are in a formal marriage compared with 60% of white adults. Moreover this group is more likely than any other group to inter-marry. The number of mixed-race partnerships means that very few African-Caribbean men and women are married to each other. Only one quarter of Caribbean children live with two black parents. There is also a tradition of women living independently from their children’s father in the African-Caribbean community. This could be partly explained historically, from the days of slavery, when husbands and wives were sold to separate plantations. But Wilson (1987) argues that a black woman may be reluctant to marry (or live with) a man whose chances of getting / keeping a job are low and make him an unreliable source of income for themselves and their children. Consequently half of Caribbean families with children are now single parents. Marriage in Asian families whether Muslim, Hindu or Sikh is mainly arranged and consequently there is little inter-marriage with other religions or cultures. Relationships between Asian parents and their children are also very different, Asian children tend to respect religious and cultural traditions and they feel a strong sense of duty to their families and especially their elders. Taken as a whole young British Asians have more choice and say than previous generations. Their current situation is probably not dramatically different from that of young no-Asian adults who, while choosing their marital partners on the basis of romantic love, often marry people very similar to themselves in terms of background factors such as social class and educational qualifications. Parental influence may be less direct than in an arranged marriage, but parents can show disapproval on ‘inappropriate’ boyfriends or girlfriends. What are the Patterns in Divorce? From 1971 to 1996 the number of divorces has more than doubled. In 1991 there were 350000 marriages but 171000 divorces meaning that there were nearly half as many divorces as marriages. The proportion of marriages, which are remarriages, has also been rising, for example 15% of all marriages in 1961 were re-marriages for one or both partners; by 1991 this figure has risen to 36%. Britain has the highest divorce rate in Europe according to official EU statistics (Eurostat, June 2001). Each year, 2. 7 people per thousand of the population get divorced in Britain compared with the EU average of 1. 8 per thousand. Who Divorces? Young spouses and young marriages are most at risk. A person’s age at marriage is strongly associated with the likelihood of divorce. Generally speaking, the older people are when they marry, the less chance they have of divorcing. Couples who marry in their teens are almost twice as likely to divorce as those who marry between the ages of 20 and 24. The divorce rate also varies by the amount of time the marriage has lasted. For example, in 1979 nearly half of all divorces occurred within the first 10 years. One investigation (Thornes and Collard, 1979) found that of all marital separations (rather than legal divorces), 60% occurred before the 10th year of marriage. Social class is also closely related to the incidence of divorce. The divorce rate for unskilled husbands is more than four times that for professionals and for the unemployed, almost five times that for the professionals. Patterns in Marriage and Divorce Feminist sociologists see the trends as a sign of the lack of satisfaction provided by traditional patriarchal marriage, with individuals seeking alternative types of relationships and living arrangements. New Right thinkers have seen the trends as a sign of the breakdown of the family and have argued for a return to ‘traditional values’. They suggest that because of the easy availability of divorce, people are no longer as committed to the family as they were in the past. Changes in legislation which have made divorce easier but also social changes in which the law reflect are seen as the main causes of the increase in divorce rates. Have Women Broken up the Family? The position of women has changed in a number of ways, such as the wife does not have to put up with an unsatisfactory marriage; they are not expected to be socially subservient to their husbands. Women now have more independence and are in a better financial position if they were to want a divorce; they are no longer totally reliant on their husbands. It was stated that women in general are less satisfied with their marriages than men. In the 1990’s women initiated the majority of divorces. Growing Secularisation Secularisation refers to the declining influence of religious beliefs and institutions. Goode and Gibson argued that secularisation has resulted in marriage becoming less o a sacred, spiritual union and more a personal and practical commitment. Evidence that supports this is that 60% of marriages today do not involve a religious ceremony. Changing Social Attitudes Divorce has become more socially acceptable and there is less social disapproval and stigma attached to divorces. It no longer hinders careers through a public sense of scandal and outrage. As a result of this people are less afraid of the consequences of divorce and are more likely to end an unhappy marriage. Functionalists such as Talcott Parsons and Renoald Fletcher argue that the increased value of marriage may have caused a rise in marital breakdown. As people expect and demand more from a marriage and expect it to be perfect. Fletcher argues that a relatively high divorce rate may be indicative not of lower but of higher standards of marriage in society. Privatised Marriages Allan argues that the family has become increasingly defined as a private institution. The wider family, and society at large, do not have the right to interfere in family life and therefore the family unit is not supported by its integration into a wider social network, which means family problems cannot be so easily shared. Love and Marriage – Why are Arranged Marriages Stronger? Within an arranged marriage people have more realistic expectations than those who marry for love. People who support arranged marriages suggest that love is something that develops overtime, where as romantic love is likely to change into something less exciting, or disappear altogether Sociology – Family Unit – Births and The Ageing Population Births One of the strongest trends has been the rise in illegitimacy. Illegitimacy rates are rising, as more people have children without being married. Some of the stigma associated with illegitimacy no longer exists. This is countered by the New Right’s assault on unmarried mothers, who have been the scapegoat to a certain extent by the media who blame them for the modern failings of society. Unmarried mothers may not be that different to nuclear families as some of these children born outside of a marriage are born to a couple who cohabit or are in a stable relationship, so will therefore have the same advantages / life as a nuclear family child. It is just that the mother and father / couple are not legally married. More and more women are deciding not to have children, as they’d rather focus on / have a career. Having a career may also be the reason for women having children later on in their lives. The Ageing Population The population as a whole are getting older as people are now living longer. This could be seen as a negative or a positive thing. According to the negative view this gives a greater dependence ratio whereby the working population have a greater burden to take care of those not working. Increased pressure on hospitals, social services and pensions will lead to a greater tax burden. On the positive side, it can be argued that since older people are now more likely to stay fit and healthy they may become an important part of our families (childcare for grandchildren) and as part of the voluntary workforce. Ginn and Arber found that the level to which older people could maintain their independence and play a constructive part in society depended to a large extent on their social class, gender and ethnicity. The notion of ageing itself is a socially constructed concept that varies from culture to culture. The retirement age itself has moved several times and still varies between men and women reinforce the notion that old age is in itself a social construction. How to cite Sociology Marriage and Divorce, Papers

The Concept of Cognitive Behavior Theory-Free-Samples for Students

Question: What's the Patient Psychological Mechanisms? Answer: Introduction The report focuses on the analysis, diagnosis and recommendation of treatment of a patient. The report focuses on the use of the Cognitive Behavior Theory (CBT) for the case study and recommendations of treatment of the given patient. The CBT is based on the concept of working together of cognition (the thoughts), emotions (the feelings) and behavior (the actions) (Kendall Hollon, 2013). In the given case how these three determinants and their study shows the mental health of the patient. In the study, the past of the subject along with the social environment and the emotional balance help in the diagnosis. The resulting treatment method helps in treating his issues using the therapies of CBT. Analysis The analysis of the patients history shows many impressionable events, which must have a great impact on the psyche of the patient. The constant imagination of the death of his father and the marriage of his mother to another man must have greatly affected him. The imagination of beaten up by his stepfather, the inability of his mother to protect him affected him negatively and affected his behavior of self-preservation and it further aggravates his negative thoughts. The constant failing of his own marriage is because of the imaginary troubles he has faced, he over dramatizes the situations he has faced. The effect of the medicine on his sexual prowess has further aggravated his depression making him more upset about his condition and harming his relation with his wife. The failure of his marriages he has faced is affected by the constant fear ingrained in him. The subject has the habit of blaming the situation he is facing as the divine wrath. This ideology makes him powerless to f ace situations and find a solution to them. The idea of the divine wrath can be related to the patients strict religious beliefs and a habit of self-blaming (Park Slattery, 2013). This habit can be related to his imagination of being powerless in the hands of his father and therefore blaming himself for whatever issues he was facing. Diagnosis Based on the history and the current emotional status of the patient, there may be different results of the analysis of the patient. The patients constant overflow of emotion and imagining scenarios can be a result of depression (Alpert Fava, 2014). Depression makes him think he is incapable of taking actions and have conclusive decision-making capabilities. The patient evidently also suffers from depression because of the traumatic and negative impact of the life he imagines he has faced resulting in feeling unimportant (Gilbert, 2016). The depression can be the reason of all the negative thoughts and his emotional reasoning of feeling unimportant in the social circle stemming out of the failed relationships and the emotional misbalance arising out of them. All the effects of human faults and his own drawbacks are put on divine justice to avoid taking any action about them. The issues faced by him are a complex of emotion and behavior which is a resultant of a number experiences he has faced through his life. Treatment There are different types of treatments in the Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for the various issues faced by the patient. Aaron T. Beck initially developed the CBT for treatment of eating disorders (Boland, Tansey Brooks, 2015). There should be mix of individual and social approach to treat the issues of this patient. Cognitive reconstructing can treat the depression faced by the patient. The cognitive reconstructing of the emotions helps in the treatment of depression. The self-help technique is used in this type of treatment (Cuijpers, et al., 2013). To treat the depression of this patient the process of automatic thought record can be used (Neimeyer Feixas, 2016). In this technique, the patient has to write or record his taught along with the chain of reactions and their results. The context of thought, the chain of the thought and the result of the thought is recorded for the self-evaluation of importance and validity of the thought. This helps the patient in constructing his behavior to focus on constructive thought processes thus helping in depression. It also helps the psychiatrist in analyzing and understanding the thinking mechanism of the patient. The constant record of the patients thought process would help in counseling the patient for the various emotional fluctuations he is facing. A plan can be made for the patient for doing his regular tasks so that he finds pleasure in them and it helps in his depression. The process can be done in different parts by the patient Cause: The patient records the cause of the unpleasant emotion felt by the patient, the reason that initiated the thought process. Automatic thoughts: The causal thoughts gave birth to which automatic thoughts and how real the automatic thoughts seem. Emotions: The emotions felt as the effect of the automatic thoughts are recorded. The intensity of the emotions is also recorded so the patient can see it later. Adaptive Response: this analyses the thought processes that led to the complex behavior. A set of questions to be answered to reason the thought process and the percentage of each response. Outcome: This evaluates in percentage the belief of the patient on the adaptive response he gave. It also records the present emotions and their intensities. It helps in the evaluation of the success or failure of the process by the psychiatric help he is taking. The process of Pleasant Activity Scheduling can also be used, which a process to schedule a series of activities which the patient can look forward to (Orgeta, Brede Livingston, 2017). These can include simple activities, which help the patient feel pleasure like watching movies, or going on a trip. The pleasures felt by the patent will help them neutralize depressing emotions. Conclusion Therefore, in this report the case of the patient has shown a number of psychological issues arising out of his life experiences. The detailed analysis of his past and his present symptoms show a number of different issues including depression. The traditional treatments of the issues according to CBT have been recommended. The use of these methods will help in the patients psychological development References Alpert, J. E., Fava, M. (2014). Handbook of chronic depression: Diagnosis and therapeutic management (Vol. 25). CRC Press. Boland, E. A., Tansey, T. N., Brooks, J. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy. Counseling theories and techniques for rehabilitation and mental health professionals, 90. Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., Dobson, K. S. (2013). A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 376-385. Gilbert, P. (2016). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Routledge. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013). Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures (Vol. 21). Academic Press. Neimeyer, R. A., Feixas, G. (2016). The Role of Homework and Skill Acquisition in the Outcome of Group Cognitive Therapy for DepressionRepublished Article. Behavior therapy, 47(5), 747-754. Orgeta, V., Brede, J., Livingston, G. (2017). Behavioural activation for depression in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, bjp-bp. Park, C. L., Slattery, J. M. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and mental health.

The Merchants Tale critical review Essay Example For Students

The Merchants Tale critical review Essay The wives of the two tales, May and Dorigen, are also two opposite characters. May is an unfaithful wife who does not agree to the marriage contract that she signed with January. After a very short time, May becomes tired of January and she commits adultery with her lover, Damian. Ah, how she wept, fresh as she was, and bright, who loved her Damian, and with so benign a love that sudden death was her design unless she could enjoy him. (379) Dorigen, the very moral and faithful woman, was the wife of Averagus in the Franklins Tale. Dorigen respected her husband and was always honest and faithful with him. Although Dorigen was tempted by another man, Aurelius, she overcame the temptation. She mourned, lay wakeful, fasted and lamented, strained by a passion that could be contented only by him, and set the world naught. (411) While Averagus was away at war, Dorigen was a trustworthy wife and acted according to their marriage contract in all its fullness. Overall, the Merchants Tale was not a very moral tale, while the Franklins Tale was very moral. The Merchants Tale had many examples of immoral actions. The main immoral action in the tale was that of May. May had cheated on her husband January several times and yet, he didnt catch her. In the end of the tale it seems as though January has finally caught May in her affairs, but she fools him. We will write a custom essay on The Merchants Tale critical review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Went up in the tree, Damian pulled up her smock at once and in he thrust. And when King Pluto saw this shameful lust, he gave back sight to January once more and made him see far better than ever before.(386) May is caught, but she talks her way out of the mistake and proclaims that Januarys eyes were hazy. The Franklins Tale was the opposite of the Merchants Tale and it was full of virtue. Dorigens character alone is an example of moral values, and she also had moral feelings. Her choice to make her wish to Aurelius so selfless and for the shipmen was very moral. Averagus, the knight, was also a very virtuous man. His decision to allow Dorigen to fulfill her promise that she made to Aurelius, and let her marry him, was very courageous. All may be well, but you must keep your word. For, as may God be merciful to me, I rather would be stabbed than live to see you fail in truth. The very love I bear you bids you keep truth, in that it cannot spare you. (429) Dorigen and Averagus are two characters who provide this play with the moral value it needs to win the prize dinner. The Merchants Tale is one of entertainment and immoral characters that make bad decisions. The Franklins Tale, on the other hand, is full of virtuous characters that make very respectable choices and decisions

3 Important Skills Youll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training

3 Important Skills You'll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training Writing a proposal is one of the most important processes in business, and knowing the key elements of a great proposal versus a good or average proposal can make a world of difference to your career and to your business revenue. Here are some key elements for a successful proposal that you will discuss and practice throughout yourproposal writing training: 1. AudienceThroughout your career, you will have to write proposals for a variety of people. Every proposal will need to be focused differently, depending on the audience. With proper training, you will learn how to identify your audience and your audience's needs so you can properly address them in your proposal.Is a potential client most focused on budget, or the quality of your solution, or ongoing support, or your industry experience? This matters deeply. You must shape content so it matches each reader's focus. Keeping your audience in mind throughout the writing process can be challenging, and this proposal course will offer skills and guidance along the way to make sure you are always addressing your reader appropriately.2. OrganizationYou already know what elements your proposal needs, but how should you structure it? Our training will teach you the proper way to organize and structure your proposal logically so each point builds on each other and the overall argument is clea r and compelling to the reader.A very common error is starting a proposal with an introduction to your company and why you are suited to solve this audience's needs. That never works. Do not open a proposal with information about your company or service. Instead, focus on the client's need and problem. This confirms to your potential client that you understand their business and their need.3. ToneMastering the tone of your proposal is key to making sure your document is easily understood by your audience. If you are presenting a proposal to a financial firm, for example, your tone needs to be careful and exact. If you were to use tone that is too casual to this financial firm, you won't win the business. Conversely, if your proposal is to an avant-garde marketing firm, you would not want tone to be too formal. This training will teach you how to modify your tone depending on your audience so you will always come across as competent and compelling without confusing or off-putting you r reader. And, you'll learn how to avoid industry jargon and language bloat. We understand that writing is a constant process of learning and practicing. That's why we offer plenty of opportunities to practice writing proposals throughout the course. You submit incremental exercises, that build to a final proposal. And, you will receive help and feedback from your instructor throughout the writing process. A writing coach reviews your final proposal with you, live via WebEx. By the end of the course you will have the tools and skills you need to maximize your success when it comes to writing proposals. Learn more about proposal writing training.

Rock 'n' Roll High School Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rock 'n' Roll High School Movie - Essay Example Therefore, since an anarchic society does have certain structure and, consequently, certain rules and norms based on the society’s ethical norms, such a society is not a chaos because any processes taking place within such a society are regulated by its internal structures. Furthermore, this social order is not a chaos because it is not disordered or disorganized. Everyone acts in correspondence with the values of the group. In the movie ‘Rock’n’Roll Hight School’ we see a group of people, the majority of the school population, with common tastes – those found of rock’n’roll. They live their lives in a pretty structured way – have their own traditions and social norms. Though this population might seem rather disorganized from the first sight, it can further be observed that one culture unites them – a subculture of rock music. The things change when a new chief administrator of school – a new principal with an iron hand – comes to rule. She tries to implement a new set of rules – skirts below knees for girls, hair above collar and ties for boys, and, of course, no rock music. The concert of the Ramones which is being attended by nearly everybody, and even a music teacher, seems for her to be a crisis. As a result the administrator, together with a small supporting group, attempts to break the old state of things burning the records of the rock band. Such radical actions can be said to be an attempt on the major population’s cultural values and, hence, their rights. Surely, an organized group of the majority shows resistance – the Ramones come to the school and the school gets taken over and, finally, burnt by the students.

INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS EXAM - Assignment Example The Following is the equation showing all the variables: The theoretical application of the equation is mostly observed High Perfomance Liquid Chromatography especially in the separation of similar simple hydrocarbons. Another practical application is in separation of amino acids, and proteins. In split injection for GC, the major purpose is to ensure most of the sample do not flow into the column but instead they pass through the split vent on their way to the atmosphere. This is unlike splitless injection whereby most of the sample volatize and flow into the column. In which case, for split injection the split vent is normally open while for splitless, the vent is closed by a split valve controlled by a computer. The ideal situation for using split injection is when there is need to achieve rapid volatilization besides homogenous mixing of the injected sample with a carrier gas. For splitless mode, an ideal scenario for its use is where there is need to slow down the volatization of the sample. Application: impurity profiling and exploration of degradation. In which case, the gradient flow is used for complex samples with analytes of wide polarities and commonly used for high throughput screening and impurity testing; such as in impurity profiling. The reversed phase makes the use of a polar mobile phase and a non-polar [hydrophobic] stationary phase. Those compound having similar polarity as that evident in mobile phase will be preferentially attracted to it and move faster. For compounds having similar polarity to that of non-polar stationary phase there movement will be delayed because of their strong attraction to the particles. Intuitively, the differences in the relative attraction of each compound for each phase creates a basis for separation by changing the speeds of the analytes. Particle size (dp), is a representation of the mean diameter of the spherical supports used to pack a column. According to the definition,

John Rawls Theory of Justice Summary

John Rawls Theory of Justice Summary A Theory of Justice (1971), by John Rawls, is one of the most influential works in moral and political philosophy written in the twentieth century, according to Samuel Freeman in the Collected Papers of John Rawls (1999). A Theory of Justice is Rawlss attempt to formulate a philosophy of justice and a theoretical program for establishing political structures designed to preserve social justice and individual liberty. Rawls writes in reaction to the then predominant theory of utilitarianism, which posits that justice is defined by that which provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Rawls proposes a theoretical person who, shrouded in a veil of ignorance, must design a just society without foreknowledge of his or her own status in that society. Rawls asserts that from this objective vantage point, which he calls the original position, the individual will choose a system of justice that adequately provides for those positioned on the lowest rungs of society. The ind ividual will do so because he or she may end up in such a disadvantaged position and will want to be adequately provided for. Rawls draws from earlier theories of political philosophy that posit a social contract by which individuals implicitly agree to the terms on which they are governed in any society. Rawls concludes that such a social contract, formulated from the perspective of the original position, will guarantee a just society without sacrificing the happiness or liberty of any one individual. Rawls addresses issues of liberty, social equality, democracy, and the conflict of interests between the individual and society. A Theory of Justice Summary: Justice as Fairness In A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the first virtue of social institution, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, developed in the field of philosophy, are not adequate: My guiding aim is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable alternative to these doctrines which have long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his theory-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness. Rawls sets forth to determine the essential principles of justice on which a good society may be based. He explains the importance of principles of justice for two key purposes: first, to provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society; and secondly, to define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of society. He observes that, by his definition, well-ordered societies are rare due to the fact that what is just and unjust is usually in dispute. He further notes that a well-ordered and perfectly just society must be formulated in a way that addresses the problems of efficiency, coordination, and stability. Critique of Utilitarianism A brief synopsis from Wikipedia: In A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality. Central to this effort is an account of the circumstances of justice (inspired by David Hume), and a fair choice situation (closer in spirit to Immanuel Kant) for parties facing such circumstances. Principles of justice are sought to guide the conduct of the parties. These parties face moderate scarcity, and they are neither naturally altruistic nor purely egoistic: they have ends which they seek to advance, but desire to advance them through cooperation with others on mutually acceptable terms. Rawls offers a model of a fair choice situation (the original position with its veil of ignorance) within which parties would hypothetically choose mutually acceptable principles of justice. Under such constraints, Rawls believes that parties would find his favored principles of justice to be especially attractive, winning out over varied alternatives, including utilitarian and libertarian accounts. In 1974, Rawls colleague at Harvard, Robert Nozick, published a defense of libertarian justice, Anarchy, State, and Utopia.[3] Because it is, in part, a reaction to A Theory of Justice, the two books are now often read together. Another Harvard colleague, Michael Walzer, wrote a defence of communitarian political philosophy, Spheres of Justice,[4] as a result of a seminar he co-taught with Nozick. In a related line of criticism, Michael Sandel (also a Harvard colleague) wrote Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,[5] which took Rawls to task for asking us to think about justice while divorcing ourselves from the very values and aspirations that define us. Sandels line of argument in part draws on critiques of Rawls advanced by both Charles Taylor and Alasdair MacIntyre who argue for the importance that moral ontologies have on ethical arguments.[6] Robert Paul Wolff wrote Understanding Rawls: A Critique and Reconstruction of A Theory of Justice[7] immediately following the publication of A Theory of Justice, which criticized Rawls from a roughly Marxist perspective. Wolff argues in this work that Rawls theory is an apology for the status quo insofar as it constructs justice from existing practice and forecloses the possibility that there may be problems of injustice embedded in capitalist social relations, private property or the market economy. Feminist critics of Rawls, such as Susan Moller Okin,[8] largely focused on the extent to which Rawls theory could account for (if at all) injustices and hierarchies embedded in familial relations. Rawls argued that justice ought only to apply to the basic structure of society. Feminists, rallying around the theme of the personal is political, took Rawls to task for failing to account for injustices found in patriarchal social relations and the gendered division of labor, especially in the household. The assumptions of the original position, and in particular, the use of maximin reasoning, have also been criticized (most notably by Kenneth Arrow[9] and John Harsanyi),[10] with the implication either that Rawls designed the original position to derive the two principles, or that an original position more faithful to its initial purpose would not lead to his favored principles. In reply Rawls has emphasized the role of the original position as a device of representation for making sense of the idea of a fair choice situation for free and equal citizens.[11] Rawls has also emphasized the relatively modest role that maximin plays in his argument: it is a useful heuristic rule of thumb given the curious features of choice behind the veil of ignorance.[12] Some egalitarian critics have raised concerns over Rawls emphasis on primary social goods. For instance, Amartya Sen has argued that we should attend not only to the distribution of primary goods, but also how effectively people are able to use those goods to pursue their ends.[13] In a related vein, Norman Daniels has wondered why healthcare shouldnt be treated as a primary good,[14] and some of his subsequent work has addressed this question, arguing for a right to health care within a broadly Rawlsian framework.[15] Philosopher Allan Bloom, a student of Leo Strauss, criticized Rawls for failing to account for the existence of natural right in his theory of justice, and wrote that Rawls absolutizes social union as the ultimate goal which would conventionalize everything into artifice.[16] Recent criticisms of Rawls theory have come from the philosopher G.A. Cohen. Cohens series of influential papers culminated first in his book, If Youre An Egalitarian, How Come Youre So Rich?[17] and then in his later work, Rescuing Justice and Equality. Cohens criticisms are leveled against Rawls avowal of inequality under the difference principle, against his application of the principle only to social institutions, and against Rawlsian fetishism with primary goods (again, the metric which Rawls chooses as his currency of equality). Philosopher and Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, a former student of Rawls, critiques and attempts to revitalize A Theory of Justice in his 2009 book The Idea of Justice. He defends the basic notion of justice as fairness but attacks the notion that the two principles of justice emerging from the Original position are necessary. Sen claims that there are multiple possible outcomes of the reflective equilibrium behind the veil of ignorance. A Theory of Justice (1971), by John Rawls, is one of the most influential works in moral and political philosophy written in the twentieth century, according to Samuel Freeman in the Collected Papers of John Rawls (1999). A Theory of Justice is Rawlss attempt to formulate a philosophy of justice and a theoretical program for establishing political structures designed to preserve social justice and individual liberty. Rawls writes in reaction to the then predominant theory of utilitarianism, which posits that justice is defined by that which provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Rawls proposes a theoretical person who, shrouded in a veil of ignorance, must design a just society without foreknowledge of his or her own status in that society. Rawls asserts that from this objective vantage point, which he calls the original position, the individual will choose a system of justice that adequately provides for those positioned on the lowest rungs of society. The individual will do so because he or she may end up in such a disadvantaged position and will want to be adequately provided for. Rawls draws from earlier theories of political philosophy that posit a social contract by which individuals implicitly agree to the terms on which they are governed in any society. Rawls concludes that such a social contract, formulated from the perspective of the original position, will guarantee a just society without sacrificing the happiness or liberty of any one individual. Rawls addresses issues of liberty, social equality, democracy, and the conflict of interests between the individual and society. A Theory of Justice Summary Justice as Fairness In A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the first virtue of social institution, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, developed in the field of philosophy, are not adequate: My guiding aim is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable alternative to these doctrines which have long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his theory-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness. Rawls sets forth to determine the essential principles of justice on which a good society may be based. He explains the importance of principles of justice for two key purposes: first, to provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society; and secondly, to define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of society. He observes that, by his definition, well-ordered societies are rare due to the fact that what is just and unjust is usually in dispute. He further notes that a well-ordered and perfectly just society must be formulated in a way that addresses the problems of efficiency, coordination, and stability. Critique of Utilitarianism Throughout the twentieth century, the dominant philosophical theory of justice in Western philosophy was utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was first developed in the nineteenth century by the great utilitarians, whom Rawls lists as David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism essentially posits that a just society is one based on achieving the greatest good, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. However, many theorists have found this principle ultimately unsatisfactory because it implies that the  » Complete A Theory of Justice Summary I fondly recall arguing about Rawls theories in John Singers Values and Institutions class at Colgate, so it was interesting to finally try reading it.   It turns out, the revolution that Rawls created was based on a simple but totally specious change in the assumptions about human nature, and upon this rotten foundation he built up a shaky edifice to justify Liberal yearnings.   The book is reminiscent of a treatise by a Medieval scientist, working out the elaborate orbital patterns that planets would require if the Universe actually were geocentric. In order to accomplish his revolution, Rawls posited a counterintuitive and antihistorical starting point for the discussion of political theory. The great political philosophers, Hobbes, Locke, etc., had used the state of nature as the starting point for their theories.   In this state of nature, men were assumed to be completely self-centered and dedicated only to their own interests, with the result that life was nasty, brutish and short and only the strongest survived.   But gradually men tired of this blood sport and entered into a social contract wherein they surrendered some personal sovereignty to a central governing entity, which, in whatever form, would enforce a set of impartial laws in order to protect men from one another.   This is a pretty minimalist position, the social contract and the government that it creates serve only to provide a certain level of physical security, leaving men free to pursue their own fortunes and taking no interest in the degree to which they succeed.   But it conforms with our intuitive understanding of human nature, our observations of our fellow man and, most importantly, it has proven a workable basis for understanding politics for some 300 years. The essential change that Rawls made was to replace the State of Nature with his Original Position, wherein, when it came time for primordial man to enter into a social contract, because he would be ignorant of his own capacities (the veil of ignorance), he would pursue a low risk strategy and choose a social contract based on egalitarianism; he would seek the most equal distribution of wealth and power possible, just in case it turned out that he was the least fit of the species. If Rawls is right, if men acted on the assumption that they would be one of the ones left behind once the race of life begins, then the rest of his theory might be worth examining.   But, of course, this assumption runs counter to everything we understand about ourselves and our fellow human beings.   It is a fuzzy headed liberals view of the appropriate strategy for lifes losersmake political decisions on the basis of the likelihood that you are a loser and need help.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   But look around a casino or a Lottery Ticket line and you will see that the losers think that they too are winners.   Look at polls about taxation levels and you find that the lower class does not want the upper class taxed too heavily, because they assume that they, or their children, are headed for that bracket eventually.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   It turns out that people act very much as the great philosophers expected them to; they act out of naked self interest and the belief that t hey are capable and deserve whatever they can achieve.   The justice that men seek is in fact little more than an impartial application of a set of laws that are fair to all, not an equal distribution of goods and power, which would necessarily impinge on the freedom of all. Rawls great error is to try to base his theory on a generalized yearning for happiness.   Rawls was seeking a positive definition of Mans aspiration in the original position, but the inevitable result, because we will all define happiness differently, is to create a foundational quagmire for his theories.   After all, you may define happiness as having a lot of stuff, but I may define it as spiritual enlightenment.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The classic understanding, basing the social contract on the avoidance of death, is obviously universal, we are all agreed that our own deaths are to be avoided, and, therefore, more sound.   . Finding the basic supposition that props up Rawls whole theory to be fundamentally incorrect, it behooves us little to examine the superstructure he seeks to construct upon this error.   Suffice it to say, no system of government has ever achieved a more equal distribution of wealth and power than has the American Constitutional Republic and it is based on the classic understanding of human nature found in Hobbes and Locke.   Nuff said. (Reviewed:) John Rawls is perhaps the most significant intellectual in philosophical ethics to have written in the past hundred years. It is nearly impossible to address ethics in contemporary philosophy without saying something about John Rawls. Central to his theory of justice are the concepts of fairness and equality from behind what he terms a veil of ignorance. Rawlss veil of ignorance is a component of the way people can construct society. He refers to an original position in which a person is attempting to determine a fair arrangement for society without any preconceived notions or prejudices. In this original position, people are behind what Rawls calls a Veil of Ignorance and do not know where they will fall in the social hierarchy in terms of race, class, sex, disability, and other relevant factors. Rawls is a Kantian liberal in that he believes that principles of justice should be universalizable, and so the only way to ensure that people will select fair principles of justice is to be certain that they do not know how the principles they select might affect them as individuals. A person behind the veil of ignorance does not know which side of a social contract he or she will be on, does not know his or her race, class, sex, or status in society. A person who does not know what privileges he or she will be born with (or without ) is, in Rawls view, more likely to construct a society that does not arbitrarily assign privilege based on characteristics that should have no bearing on what people get. Rawls believes that a society cannot be just without fairness and equalit y and believes this veil of ignorance both reveals the biases of In A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts to make a rational study of social ethics by using reason to determine what a just society should look like and how a rational group of people would organize themselves. One major  topic of interest that Rawls presents is the veil of ignorance concept and its role in the creation of original position. Two further concepts of importance to the theory of a just society are the difference principle and the concept of individual liberty in society. Together, these three concepts provide a basis for the discussion and critique of Rawls theory and its implications for the pursuance of justice. Current society and can help to prevent biases in establishing future social arrangements. Rawls method to justice as a theory proposes that principles of justice can be determined through the rational thinking of individuals shrouded by a veil of ignorance. In a purely hypothetical situation, the veil of ignorance creates an original position of equality in which persons under the veil have no knowledge of status, position in society, personal wealth or natural abilities. From behind the veil of ignorance, a rational, objective and disinterested group of people would choose a system of justice that ensures an equal distribution of rights and duties. The term reflective equilibrium was coined by John Rawls and popularized in his celebrated A Theory of Justice as a method for arriving at the content of the principles of justice. Abstract John Rawls Theory of Justice (1971) is the single most important philosophical work of the Left since Marx. Rawls A Theory of Justice can be understood as two theories addressing two different subjects. The split can also be seen textually. The first half of the book deals almost exclusively with the hypothetical theory of justice founded in the original position. The second half of the book addresses how actual institutions should operate given the findings of the initial theory. There are many instances, such as Rawls distinction between fair and formal equal opportunity, where Rawls claims that the purely speculative arguments of his theory can justify his claims concerning actual situations. However, as Sher argues, it is not necessarily the case that Rawls can make the connection. Rawls hypothetical theory can operate on its own. Rawls theory of just institutions is a stronger argument if he does not try and connect the two theories. The problem of desert is one example of how R awls theory of justice as fairness should be read as two theories. Rawls offers a theory of a just and well-ordered society which would distribute wealth, income, liberties, opportunities and positions of authority. He considers justice as fairness as a political -moral conception of justice. The principles of justice are two according to Ralws and these would justify a given body of social, moral and political ideas since they are congruent to our ferments convictions. Utilitarianism was first developed in the nineteenth century by the great utilitarians. Utilitarianism essentially posits that a just society is one based on achieving the greatest good, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. However, Rawls rejects Utilitarianism, for it fails to take into consideration, the distinction that exists between individuals. Since it aims at the greatest happiness and tries to maximize greatest welfare, it fails to secure individual rights. Rawls relies on the social contract tradition in its Kantian form to account for principles that would guide individuals noumenal selves, secure equal basic liberties to all and account for social values and community. In A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the first virtue of social institution, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. . Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, developed in the field of philosophy, are not adequate: My guiding aim is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable alternative to these doctrines which have long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his theory-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness. He claims that justice as fairness provides a practical political procedure, which satisfies the demand of modern democracies societies. Pluralism entailed by industrial societies is presumed to be the permanent features of modern democracies, which challenges the priority of philosophy over democracy. However, Rawls theory has received large scale attention by some well-known Academicians. Some of them have disagreed and challenged its basic assumptions. These critical appraisals, but, indicate the importance of his work if one wants to deliberate on problems of contemporary social and political theory. In this thesis will try to excavate the philosophical understanding of the Rawlsian theory of justice and also try to identify the philosophical shift in his position under the light of some of major critiques.

Moving Away from Home Can Be Astessful Experience for Young People

Moving away from home can be a stressful experience for young people Nowadays, many young people don’t want to live with their parents because they think if they live along, they can do whatever they want. But maybe few months later, they will find some problems that they never know how to do before because their parents always do everything for them when they are at home. At that time, they will feel stressful. However, I think it’s a good way to teach them how to live by themselves, especially for teenagers. They can’t be dependent on their parents all of their life so they have to learn many things and do many things by themselves. Moving away from home not only can be a stressful experience for young people but can also be a good way to let them learn how to become independent. The other reason that young people will feel stressful when they move away from home is they don’t know many people in the new place or even they don’t know anyone there. When they have something they can’t solve, they don’t know they can ask who or who can help them. They will feel so lonely and upset in the beginning, especially for someone who has nothing is smooth. In conclusion, moving away from home is a stressful experience for young people but also it is a helpful experience to them because they can learn many things by this kind of experience.

Personal Values

Personal values are beliefs, missions, or philosophy that is meaningful on a personal level. They are reinforced by emotions and feelings, which turn mental perceptions into vital passions that we hope to realize in our lives. Whether we are consciously aware of them or not, every individual has a core set of personal values. Whatever our values are, when we take them to heart and implement them in our lives, great accomplishments and success happens. When we implement, commit to, and apply personal values in our lives, energy is released that attracts success, achievement, and well-being. Some of the more common personal values include; accomplishments, freedom, prosperity, success, friendship, punctuality, self-reliance, concern for others, harmony of purpose, accountability, quality of work, goodwill, reliability, goodness, cleanliness, commitment, creativity, customer satisfaction, equality, loyalty, justice, resourcefulness, family, independence, spirit, hard work, and faithfulness. People relate to personal values in a number of ways; thoughtful people continually think about those things they cherish and believe in, while the powerful are motivated and driven to implement personal values in their lives. Interestingly, not only do values energize us, but when we implement them, it energizes everything we come in contact with. Personal values drives and motivate us to move forward in life, which in turn enables progress. Whether they drive our own individual lives in a positive direction, improve the economic, social, and cultural conditions of a nation, or move society forward in a path of progress, personal values are important in our lives. We all have values that determine our decisions and guide our lives. Accomplishments in life depend not only on physical energy, but also on the psychological energy we are able to bring to our actions. Personal values also direct our psychological energies for accomplishment. The quality of the values we embrace and the intensity of our commitment to them determine the level of our accomplishment in life. Values, personal values, and core values all refer to the same thing. They are desirable qualities, standards, or principles that are the driving forces in our lives, and also influence our actions and reactions. They are inherited, and/or learned from our environment. Knowing your values helps you to follow a clear set of rules and guidelines for your actions, make good decisions, nd choices, find compatible people, places, and things that support your way of living, live with integrity, learn to identify and live from your values, and to manage stress (Ibtissem, 2010). Cultural Values Cultural values are sets of common understandings around which actions are organized, and the finding of expressions in language, whose finer distinctions are peculiar to the group. They are sets o f meanings shared by a group of people that are largely inferred among members, and are clearly relevant, and distinctive to the particular group. Cultural values are also passed on to new members. These values are systems of knowledge, standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating, and acting that serve to relate human communities to their environmental settings (Khalil, & Seleim, 2010). They are also deeper levels of basic assumptions and beliefs that are learned responses. Any social system arising from a network of shared ideologies consisting of substances – the networks of meaning associated with ideologies, norms, and values, and forms – the practices where the meanings are expressed, affirmed, and communicated to members, defines the cultural values of an organization. Culture is what naturally emerges as individuals transform themselves into social groups. A culture encompasses distinct observable forms – language, use of symbols, ceremonies, customs, methods of problem solving, use of tools, or technology, and design of work settings – that groups of people create through social interaction, and use to confront the broader social environment. Culture can be characterized as consisting of three levels; the first and most visible level is behaviors and artifacts, which consists of behavior patterns and outward manifestations of the culture. This is the privileges provided to executives, dress codes, level of technology utilized, and where it is utilized, and the physical layout of the work spaces. Artifacts and behavior also tell what a group is doing, but not the reasons why. The second level of culture is its values. The cultural values determine behaviors, but values are not directly observable, as behaviors are. There is a difference between stated values and operating values. To really understand culture, we have to get to the deepest third level, the level of assumptions and beliefs. Underlying assumptions grow out of values, until they are taken for granted and discarded. Many are unaware of, or unable to articulate their beliefs and assumptions. To understand culture, all three levels have to be understood (Vauclair, 2009). There is an additional aspect that may complicate the study of culture: the group or cultural unit which owns the culture. An organization may have many different cultures or subcultures, or even no apparent dominant culture at the organizational level. Recognizing the cultural unit is essential to identifying and understanding the culture. Organizational cultures are created, maintained, or transformed by people, and by organizational leadership (Khalil, & Seleim, 2010). Leaders at the executive level are the principle source for the re-infusion of an organization's ideology, articulation of core values, and the specification of norms. Organizational values express preferences for certain behaviors or certain outcomes, and organizational norms express behaviors accepted by others. They are the culturally acceptable ways of pursuing goals. Leaders also establish the boundaries for the formal lines of communication, and the formal interaction rules for the organization. Values and norms, once transmitted through the organization, establish the permanence of the organization's culture. Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. These values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important. Values are related to the norms of a culture, with the norms being the rules for behavior in specific situations, and the values identify what should be judged as good or evil. Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values of the culture. This reflects an individual's ability to integrate and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple of sub-cultures they belong to. If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. Commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable, in a community or society, is determined by cultural values. These values determine the ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. Creating a culture based on moral excellence requires a commitment among managers to embody and develop two qualities in their leadership: virtue and wisdom. Creating an organization characterized by moral excellence is a lengthy process, because it involves changing the organizational culture (Vauclair, 2009). One of the primary responsibilities of strategic leadership is to create and maintain the organizational characteristics that reward and encourage collective efforts, with the most fundamental of these being the organizational culture. An organization's culture develops to help cope with the environment. Organizational leaders are confronted with many complex issues during their attempts to generate organizational achievement. Their success depends to a great extent on understanding organizational culture. Many of the problems that organizational leaders face are caused by their inability to analyze and evaluate organizational culture. Many leaders, when trying to implement new strategies or a strategic plan leading to a new vision, will discover that their strategies will fail if they are inconsistent with the organization's culture. Difficulties with organizational transformations arise from failures to analyze an organization's existing culture. Strategic leaders have an additional set of challenges; they have to create the means, and the opportunities to infuse their employees with new ways of looking at themselves, and their capabilities. Leaders' new ideologies and values need to be communicated effectively, internalized by employees, and then translated into productive methods of thinking, and working. Organizations consist of subgroups that have specific characteristics and a sense of identification. Within organizations, people can easily classify themselves and others into various social categories or groups based on identification with their primary work group, occupational, or professional skills, or union membership. Subgroups in organizations can and do create subcultures that comprise specific networks of meaning, and they remain associated with the ideologies and values of the organization's leadership. Organizations do not always have standardized or consistent subcultures. The social products produced by subcultures within organizations can be widely diverse, and even result in countercultures. These countercultures can have both productive and unproductive outcomes. The key to a counterculture's success is the group's ability to demonstrate how its unconventional behaviors are consonant with the core ideologies, values and norms of the dominant culture. Cultures provide members with a reliable means to interpret a highly vague environment. It is the organization’s leaderships’ responsibility to specify the features of the environment that are relevant to the organization, and then provide the supporting assumptions, and rationale for its operating strategies. Leadership should recognize that their cultural messages should specifically address cultural uncertainties associated with subculture practices within the organization, and limit their attempts to eliminate distinctions that are important to the subculture's identities. They would have a better chance of creating, or transforming an organization’s culture if they accept, and foster productive organizational subcultures, and consistently communicate how employees must perform in order for the organization to achieve its objectives. Cultural change then relies on leaders' communication techniques that cross sub cultural boundaries and carry messages about ideologies, values and norms that can be internalized by all employees. Cultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understandings develop among employees. These cultural forms act as a medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. They also enable leaders to transmit messages about desirable behaviors to influence thinking and ways of behaving. Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. Productive cultural change will occur if leaders correctly analyze the organization's existing culture, and evaluate it against the cultural attributes needed to achieve strategic objectives. They must first possess a clear understanding of the strategic objectives for their organization, and then identify the actions needed to reach those objectives. The next step is to conduct an analysis of the organization’s existing ideologies, values and norms. Strategic leadership needs to be transformational if it is to serve the organization, and it must operate from a foundation of high morality and ethical practices. Even though culture is deep seated, and difficult to change, leaders can influence or manage an organization's culture. It isn't easy, and it cannot be done rapidly, but leaders can have an effect on culture. An understanding of culture, and how to transform it, is a crucial skill for leaders trying to achieve strategic outcomes. Strategic leaders have the best perspective, because of their position in the organization, to see the dynamics of the culture, what should remain, and what needs transformation. This is the essence of strategic success. Values and ethics are one of the most important characteristic of an individual. They basically define who we are and what we believe. There are many factors that determine our values and ethics. Culture, religion, and many other factors affect our beliefs. Many times our values and ethics can clash with different people who hold different views and beliefs. This doesn't mean our values or ethics are wrong it just means we think differently than others. Most people have a good sense of ethics and values. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. Family members, Grandparents, friends, and school teachers all influence our thoughts and beliefs. Educational Values Education is not all about book learning and passing exams, it is also about developing personal values and living these values. Ethical Values To behave ethically is to behave in a manner that is consistent with what is generally considered to be right or moral. Ethical behavior is the bedrock of mutual trust. Values are what we believe to be right, individually or organizationally. Values distinguish between right and wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what we mean by ethics. The first place to look in determining what is right or wrong is society, because almost every society makes some determination of morally correct behavior. Societies not only regulate the behavior of its members, but also define their societal core values. Experience lead societies to develop beliefs about what is of value for the common good. Societies may differ from one another in the specifics, but not in the general principles; reciprocity – one good deed deserves another, the notion of good intent – a person’s word is their bond, or the appreciation of merit in others regardless of personal feelings – give the devil his due. To determine what is generally considered to be right, look at the positive values of society and the organizations one belongs to. Societal or organizational norms are other aspects that should also be considered. Norms are the unstated rules, usually informally reached by the members of a group, which govern the behavior of the group's members. Norms often have a greater effect on what is and isn't done by the members of a group than formal rules and regulations. Norms are a important part of ethics, in that they allow and/or even encourage certain OK behaviors that are not in keeping with societal or organizational stated values. Ethics and morality are important for individuals, groups, organizations, and society. they should also be important for public officials, and for very much the same reasons. Some very important individual, group, organizational, and/or societal ethical values are; basic honesty and conformity to law; conflicts of interest; service orientation and procedural fairness; the ethics of democratic responsibility; the ethics of public policy determination; and the ethics of compromise and social integration. People behave unethically because of the complexity of the strategic issues that may cross that ethical line, difficulty in determining what the most ethical alternatives are, competition for scarce resources, power, or positions, conflicting loyalties, groupthink, is. There are several systemic factors also contribute to people behaving unethically; the competition for scarce resources, trying to gain a competitive advantage in the race for position or power, conflicting loyalties, groupthink among homogeneous groups with strong leaders, the presence of ideologues, or individuals who view their own extreme positions as right and any opposing positions as wrong, and an organization's negative response to dissent. Organizational members have only three choices when confronted with unethical behavior: Exit, the most direct response, means if you can't live with behavior that does not meet your own ethical standards, leave. Voice, means expressing discomfort with and opposition to the observed unethical behavior. Go public, to engage in ‘whistle blowing’. The final response to unethical behavior in an organization is loyalty, the alternative to exit. Instead of leaving, the individual remains and tries to change the organization from within. An organization cannot maintain high ethical standards without ways for eliminating unethical behavior. The steps to building an ethical climate, and to foster corporate ethics; (1) Determine the actions of strategic leadership and the ways they deal with ethical issues. The pattern of top leaders' behavior determines organizational values. (2) Make explicit ethics policies. (3) Increase awareness of how to apply ethical codes. (4) Training on how to deal with situations with an ethical dimension. 5) How to anticipate situations that involve ethical choices. (6) Expand the information system to focus on areas where ethics may come into play. Knowing what actually is going on in the organization is essential to understanding the ethical principles which govern behavior. The information system should also support ethical behavior, and allow the strategic leader to know when or where there are potential ethical breaches so that corrective action can be taken. There is real danger when unethical behavior goes unnoticed, or unpunished, members will assume it is excused by the organization's leadership. Encouraging leaders to pursue their own moral development is critical at higher levels because strategic leaders set the moral climate for the organization. Business ethics is the application of the disciplines, principles, and theories of ethics on the organizational level. These are the principles, and standards that guide behavior in the business environment. Ethical behavior in business is critical. When businesses are charged with infractions, and when employees of those firms come under legal investigation, there is concern raised about the moral behavior of that business. The level of mutual trust, which is the foundation of our free-market economy, is threatened. Business ethics is also concerned with the day-to-day ethical dilemmas faced by millions of workers at all levels of an organization. All people have their own sets of personal values that come from society, families, religions, and experiences. Ethical dilemmas can arise when those personal values conflict directly with the company’s practices. Organizations can manage their culture and ethical climate by trying to hire employees whose values match their own. Some firms even measure potential employees’ values during the hiring process and strive to choose individuals who fit within the ethical climate rather than those whose beliefs and values differ significantly. Family Values Some of the more common family values are; belonging, it is important that each member of a family feel that they are loved, that they belong and that they matter; flexibility, the order, schedules and structure of the family that helps to maintain a level of sanity; respect, to take feelings, thoughts, needs, and preferences in to account when making decisions; acknowledging and valuing everyone’s thoughts, feelings and contributions to the family as a whole; honesty, the foundation of any relationships that are meant to last; forgiveness, forgiving is an important choice to make (yes, choice); generosity, giving without thinking about what you will receive is an important value for anyone wanting to be a responsible, contributing ember to society; curiosity, which helps to build critical thinking skills, includes the spoken word, tone, volume, expression, eye contact, body language and effective listening; responsibility is something that is learned; and traditions, which ma kes a family unique (Arnier, & Stein, 1998). Religious Values Religion plays a vital role in our lives and in reinforcing personal values. It does not matter what our religious preferences are, personal values are formed and reinforced through religious teachings. Tolerance, honesty, truthfulness, respect for others and elders, purity are some of the values formed and reinforced through religious teachings. Organizational Values Organizations and institutions have values and ethics are that are central to its existence. Often time, there are one or more business values that are the key to a business’s success. Examples are Sear’s commitment to ‘trusting the customer’, Apple Computer's belief in ‘the value of solving the problems of society’, or the Marriott's value of ‘systemization and standardization’. Values are those things important to or valued by someone, whether they are an individual or an organization. Organizational values are important to its vision, which is based on and consistent with the organization's core values. Organizational values are more than words; they are the moral, ethical, and professional attributes of character, and what professionals judge to be right. These core values must be instilled in all organizational members. They determine our character, guide our lives, and are central to our profession. Some of the more common organizational values; loyalty, duty, honesty, selfless service, professionalism, caring, teamwork, stewardship. and integrity. When these values are shared by all organizational members, they can be very important and useful tools for making judgments, assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and choosing among alternatives. Organizational values put all members on the same page with regard to what all members as a body consider important. These values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the basis for the behavior of its members. When we implement, commit to, and apply personal values in our lives, energy is released that attracts success, achievement, and well-being. With organizations and nstitution’s employees, customers, products, services, and all the stakeholders, their energy attracts success, new opportunities, new sources of revenue and income, and other material and psychological benefits. In some organizations, any discord by its members may be rewarded by termination, or they may be expelled, or ostracized from the group. Group members quickly learn the operating values, or they don't survive for long. To the extent they differ from stated values, the organization will not only suffer from doing things less effectively, but also from the cynicism of its members, who have yet another reason for mistrusting the leadership, or doubting its wisdom. Organizational values provide the basis for judgments about what is important for the organization to succeed in its core business. There are three aspects to ethical behavior in organizations: the development of the individual as an ethical person, the effect of the organization as an ethical or unethical environment, and the actions or procedures developed by the organization to encourage ethical behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Most of an individual's ethical development occurs before entering an organization. The influence of family, church, community, and school will determine individual values. The organization is dealing with individuals whose value base has already been established. The organization also has a major impact on the behavior of its members, and can have a positive or negative influence on their values. There are three qualities individuals must possess to make ethical decisions; the ability to recognize ethical issues and to reason through the ethical consequences of decisions, the ability to look at alternative points of view, deciding what is right in a particular set of circumstances, and the ability to deal with ambiguity, uncertainty, and to make decisions on the best information available. Individual characteristics and organizational influence are very important attributes that determines ethical behaviors. The ethical standards that one observes in the organization will have a significant effect on individual behavior. The organization has the greatest impact in the standards it establishes for ethical and unethical conduct in its formal reward systems. Informal norms also have a strong influence on individuals' behavior as do the actions of the leaders of the organization. Strategic leaders must understand that their actions, more than words alone, will determine the operating values in the organization. Many people behave ethically, in spite of the apparent lack of gain. Ethical behavior is intrinsically rewarding; most people behave ethically because it's the right thing to do. People are guided by their personal value systems.